Claude Process - Revision history

Trevor at 10:14, 28 May 2019

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Trevor at 10:01, 28 May 2019

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Trevor at 09:57, 28 May 2019

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Trevor at 09:54, 28 May 2019

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Trevor at 09:20, 28 May 2019

2019-05-28T09:20:36Z

Trevor: Created page with "The Claude Process. This process is [sic] worked at numerous factories in France and Belgium. The cost of the hydrogen used in the HABER-BOSCH process accounts for about 75 pe..."

2019-05-28T09:07:56Z

Created page with "The Claude Process. This process is [sic] worked at numerous factories in France and Belgium. The cost of the hydrogen used in the HABER-BOSCH process accounts for about 75 pe..."

New page

The Claude Process. This process is [sic] worked at numerous factories
in France and Belgium. The cost of the hydrogen used in the
HABER-BOSCH process accounts for about 75 per cent of the cost
of the ammonia produced: in the CLAUDE process the hydrogen is
made by the electrolysis of water. Some of this hydrogen is burned
in air, leaving nitrogen to be used in the ammonia synthesis and
synthetic water suitable for the electrolytic cells. The rest of the
plant, which works at 750 atmospheres, will be understood from the
diagram. To withstand the enormous pressures the converters are
made of special steel, and the catalyst is mounted on a gun breech-
block device to allow easy withdrawal for replacement. Many
variations of the process are possible; in some the nitrogen is
obtained from producer-gas, in others from liquid air.

A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
   obtained from producer-gas, in others from liquid air.<ref>A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932</ref>
-[[File:ClaudeProcess.png|frameless|Flow diagram]]
+[[File:ClaudeProcess.png|800px|Flow diagram|link=]]
 There are several operational and efficiency improvements that spring to mind. Instead of the rather wasteful burning of hydrogen in air to produce nitrogen, the air could be pre-processed e.g. using membrane separation or pressure-swing adsorption to enrich the nitrogen content. The remaining oxygen could then be removed by catalytic reaction with a reduced amount of hydrogen. So if the oxygen content were reduced from 21% to 5%, this would represent ~ 75% saving. Depending on how intermittent the renewable electricity is, gas holders might be provided for both nitrogen and hydrogen. And most of the efficiency improvements developed for the Haber-Bosch process such as better catalysts would apply equally to the Claude process
 =References=

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 [[File:ClaudeProcess.png|frameless|Flow diagram]]
-There are several operational and efficiency improvements that spring to mind. Instead of the rather wasteful burning of hydrogen in air to produce nitrogen, the air could be pre-processed e.g. using membrane separation or pressure-swing adsorption to enrich the nitrogen content. The remaining oxygen could then be removed by catalytic reaction with a reduced amount of hydrogen. So if the oxygen content were reduced from 21% to 5%, this would represent ~ 75% saving. Depending on how intermittent the renewable electricity is, gas holders might be provided for both nitrogen and hydrogen. And most of the efficiency improvements developed for the Haber-Bosch process such as better catalysts
+There are several operational and efficiency improvements that spring to mind. Instead of the rather wasteful burning of hydrogen in air to produce nitrogen, the air could be pre-processed e.g. using membrane separation or pressure-swing adsorption to enrich the nitrogen content. The remaining oxygen could then be removed by catalytic reaction with a reduced amount of hydrogen. So if the oxygen content were reduced from 21% to 5%, this would represent ~ 75% saving. Depending on how intermittent the renewable electricity is, gas holders might be provided for both nitrogen and hydrogen. And most of the efficiency improvements developed for the Haber-Bosch process such as better catalysts would apply equally to the Claude process
 =References=

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
   block device to allow easy withdrawal for replacement. Many
   variations of the process are possible; in some the nitrogen is
-  obtained from producer-gas, in others from liquid air.
+  obtained from producer-gas, in others from liquid air.<ref>A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932</ref>
 [[File:ClaudeProcess.png|frameless|Flow diagram]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 There are several operational and efficiency improvements that spring to mind. Instead of the rather wasteful burning of hydrogen in air to produce nitrogen, the air could be pre-processed e.g. using membrane separation or pressure-swing adsorption to enrich the nitrogen content. The remaining oxygen could then be removed by catalytic reaction with a reduced amount of hydrogen. So if the oxygen content were reduced from 21% to 5%, this would represent ~ 75% saving. Depending on how intermittent the renewable electricity is, gas holders might be provided for both nitrogen and hydrogen. And most of the efficiency improvements developed for the Haber-Bosch process such as better catalysts
-A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932
+=References=

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Ammonia synthesis is the basis for agricultural fertilizer production and nowadays the Haber-Bosch process is ubiquitous. An estimated <!--http://www.energy.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Green-Ammonia-Hughes-8.3.16.pdf-->1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the production of ammonia and 90% of ammonia production is based on natural gas. The Claude Process is proven technology - operated in the 1930's - and if powered by renewable electricity at a sufficiently attractive price, two major benefits
+Ammonia synthesis is the basis for agricultural fertilizer production and nowadays the Haber-Bosch process is ubiquitous. An estimated <!--http://www.energy.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Green-Ammonia-Hughes-8.3.16.pdf-->1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the production of ammonia and 90% of ammonia production is based on natural gas. The alternative '''Claude Process''' based on electrolytically generated hydrogen is proven technology - operated in the 1930's - and if powered by renewable electricity at a sufficiently attractive price, provides two major benefits:
-# Displaces the natural gas consumption - and CO<sub>2</sub> emission of Haber-Bosch
+# Displaces the natural gas consumption - and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of Haber-Bosch
 # Provides an interruptible electricity demand
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 [[File:ClaudeProcess.png|frameless|Flow diagram]]
-There are several operational and efficiency improvements that spring to mind. Instead of the rather wasteful burning of hydrogen in air to produce nitrogen, the air could be pre-processed e.g. using membrane separation or pressure-swing adsorption to enrich the nitrogen content. The remaining oxygen would then be removed by catalytic reaction with a reduced amount of hydrogen. So if the oxygen content were reduced from 21% to 5%, this would represent ~ 75% saving. Gas holders for both nitrogen and hydrogen. And most of the efficiency improvements developed for the Haber-Bosch process such as better catalysts
+There are several operational and efficiency improvements that spring to mind. Instead of the rather wasteful burning of hydrogen in air to produce nitrogen, the air could be pre-processed e.g. using membrane separation or pressure-swing adsorption to enrich the nitrogen content. The remaining oxygen could then be removed by catalytic reaction with a reduced amount of hydrogen. So if the oxygen content were reduced from 21% to 5%, this would represent ~ 75% saving. Depending on how intermittent the renewable electricity is, gas holders might be provided for both nitrogen and hydrogen. And most of the efficiency improvements developed for the Haber-Bosch process such as better catalysts
 A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Ammonia synthesis is the basis for agricultural fertilizer production and nowadays the Haber-Bosch process is ubiquitous.
+Ammonia synthesis is the basis for agricultural fertilizer production and nowadays the Haber-Bosch process is ubiquitous. An estimated <!--http://www.energy.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Green-Ammonia-Hughes-8.3.16.pdf-->1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the production of ammonia and 90% of ammonia production is based on natural gas. The Claude Process is proven technology - operated in the 1930's - and if powered by renewable electricity at a sufficiently attractive price, two major benefits
+# Displaces the natural gas consumption - and CO<sub>2</sub> emission of Haber-Bosch
   The Claude Process. This process is [sic] worked at numerous factories
@@ Line 15: / Line 16: @@
   variations of the process are possible; in some the nitrogen is
   obtained from producer-gas, in others from liquid air.
 A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The Claude Process. This process is [sic] worked at numerous factories
+Ammonia synthesis is the basis for agricultural fertilizer production and nowadays the Haber-Bosch process is ubiquitous.
 in France and Belgium. The cost of the hydrogen used in the
 HABER-BOSCH process accounts for about 75 per cent of the cost
-of the ammonia produced: in the CLAUDE process the hydrogen is
+ The Claude Process. This process is [sic] worked at numerous factories
-made by the electrolysis of water. Some of this hydrogen is burned
+ in France and Belgium. The cost of the hydrogen used in the
-in air, leaving nitrogen to be used in the ammonia synthesis and
+ HABER-BOSCH process accounts for about 75 per cent of the cost
-synthetic water suitable for the electrolytic cells. The rest of the
+ of the ammonia produced: in the CLAUDE process the hydrogen is
-plant, which works at 750 atmospheres, will be understood from the
+ made by the electrolysis of water. Some of this hydrogen is burned
-diagram. To withstand the enormous pressures the converters are
+ in air, leaving nitrogen to be used in the ammonia synthesis and
-made of special steel, and the catalyst is mounted on a gun breech-
+ synthetic water suitable for the electrolytic cells. The rest of the
-block device to allow easy withdrawal for replacement. Many
+ plant, which works at 750 atmospheres, will be understood from the
-variations of the process are possible; in some the nitrogen is
+ diagram. To withstand the enormous pressures the converters are
-obtained from producer-gas, in others from liquid air.
+ made of special steel, and the catalyst is mounted on a gun breech-
 A Textbook of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, F.A Philbrick, E.J.Holmyard, 1932